Recent Research on Cognitive Disability

Conduct Disorder Linked to Widespread Brain Structure Changes (2024)

Val's Take/Conjecture

• The Criminal Law has at least to some extent dealt with the Defendant with an IQ under 70.
• Further, we do have supports for people with an IQ under 70 and Developmental Disabilities.
• The challenge in 2024, is the Defendant with an IQ over 70 and Developmental Disabilities.
  • They may be tagged with ADHD, Autism, Conduct Disorder, and/or Anti-Social Personality Disorder,  etc.
• Further, people with ADHD are more likely to incur a brain injury (2015 study supports link between ADHD and traumatic brain injury)
• People  with brain injury make-up  generally over 50% of the justice-involved population, with some estimates at 80%.
• The Council of State Governments Justice Center found that the prevalence of brain injury in the criminal justice population was around 60%.  (2024)

University of Southern California

Enigma Working Groups Around the World

The ENIGMA Consortium has grown to include over 1400 participating scientists from over 200 institutions, across 43 countries worldwide. ENIGMA is organized as a set of 50 WGs [Working Groups], studying 26 major brain diseases (see color key).

Each group works closely with the others and consists of worldwide teams of experts in each brain disorder as well as experts in the major methods used to study each disorder.

The diseases studied include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, and several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, ataxia, and stroke.

In recent years, new WGs were created that grew into worldwide consortia on epilepsy (Whelan et al. 9 ), eating disorders (King et al. 104 ), anxiety disorders (Groenewold et al. 107 ), antisocial behavior, and infant neuroimaging.